Which factors contribute to young people committing crime?

Which factors conduce to young sight committing crime?Which factors contribute to young people committing crime?IntroductionI chose this topic for my literature review as I feel that if we understand the root of the chore of the crime, in this case the luck factors that lead to criminal activity, then juvenile delinquency could be understoodand possibly prevented. A risk factor is some(prenominal) specific characteristic displayed by a person or their circumstances that bears some statistically significant correlative position in relation to their behavior (Brown, 2005).Home Office statistics for 2009/10 leaven that young people age 10-17 were responsible for 20% of all the crime recorded by the police. (Cooper and Roe, 2012). Due to the steep number of crime committed by youth, even though they are mostly minor crimes, is it consequential to understand what leads them to committing criminal acts. Numerous researchers have come up with theories and reasons which try to explai n wherefore young people choose to commit deviant acts. The following studies found in this literature review will attempt to explain some of the factors that contribute to young people committing crime.MethodologyFor this literature review I have roled a variety of sources which will provide me with both qualitative and quantitate data. I researched studies from journal articles, g overnment reports and afters going to the library I managed to invite many books on the topic of factors contributing to juvenile delinquency. I too managed to find a few websites that provided me with background information and statistics.FindingsA number of researchers categorise risk factors in many different ways. In this essay however I will mostly talk about individual, kind/family and environmental factors. Each of this category has its own subcategories. For example, under the category of social factors it can be include family risks, peer-related risks, etc.Environmental Risk FactorsSeveral research articles I looked at suggests that superstar of the reasons why youth choose to commit criminal acts is because of poverty. A analyze was conducted at the Kamiti Youth Corrective Training centre (Y.C.T.C) where the sample were 55 inmates selected by random sampling from a total of 120 inmates. It was found that over 70% of the sample were poor or came from families with poor background. This was based on where they lived, whether or not they owned properties and the types of crimes they committed, For example, some of the inmates stated that because they lacked their basic use ups, they run from household into the streets to beg for survival. They stated that they also became involved in petty offences like stealing good or properties values that were not too expensive. This finding viewing that poverty is a cause of crime among youth, supports the theory of Thomas R. Forstenzer, in peerless of his articles called Tomorrow in North America Youth between the American dream and reality, in The Twentieth Session UNESCO General Conference Report titled Youth in the 1980S on poverty as a main reason of deviant acts. He states that economic stress and believing in personal failure is the chronic culprit for the symptoms of social break down drugs, alcohol and sex related problems that will affect the young as long as the family itself difficulty facing the strains of inflation and un commerce. (Omboto et al., 2013)As poverty is cerebrate with social secern, more than 80% of the sample from the Y.C.T.C. study belonged to lower social class. Before their arrests a majority of them lived in poor areas around Nairobi city such as Kibera and Mathare. The researcher stated that some of these offences were bare footed. This finding on social class and delinquency confirms the opinion of Wright and Younts (2009) that delinquency rate change magnitude while social class decreased.Social Risk FactorsOther researchers believe that some youth get into crim e as a form of anarchy against parental authority and due to peer pressure. Youth people may choose to commit crimes as a way to show their independence of the vainglorious word and its rules, as a way of getting attention and respect from peers, as well as trying to compensate for their restricted opportunities at civilize or in their community. By having good relationships with parents during childhood might protagonist in a fortunate transition to adolescence, but it does not guarantee it, as risk factors are linked together. For instance, even though one might have an outstanding relationship with the parents, they might come from a low social status, and therefore it might led them to commit crimes.Hirschi (1969) argues that delinquent acts result when an individuals bond to society is weak or broken. He states that conformity starts from quartet types of social control which then these create social bonds. The weaker those bonds are the most likely it is for someone to co mmit a deviant act. For example attachment is one type of social control. Strong social attachments leads to conformity, and by having a fragile family/peer/school relationship, can make people to commit crimes more easily. (Hirschi 1969 cited in Carrabine E. et al.)Ojo (2012) states that broken homes and low education attainment as some of the causes for youth committing deviant acts. In the Y.C.T.C. study, most of boys from the sample came from dysfunctional families. Some of the boys were orphans and had no guardian to look after them before their arrest, former(a) boys has divorced parents or a single parents and others parents were alcoholics or were not able to give a good parenthood. For instance, in the sample7 boys had divorced parents, 6 youths mothers died, 14 has no father (either died or unknown), while 8 had no parents at all. When it comes to education, 78% did not go beyond class six primary with their schooling. (Omboto et al., 2013)West Farmington (1973) stated th at just like low income family income, large family members is also an important factor of youth offending. This is due to the presence of some(prenominal) siblings that leads to faulty upbringing by parents/guardians at critical stages of the childs development.Individual Risk FactorsOther studies have found that individual risk factors also play a role in the behaviour of the youth. Individual factors include factors such as impulsivity, attention problems, low intelligence and low school attainment. For instance. LeMarquand and Tremblay (2001) cited in OJJDPs argued that the best social behaviour characteristic to predict delinquent behaviour before age 13 appears to be aggression.Hawkins at al. (1998) cited in OJJDPs also found a positive relationship between hyperactivity, concentration and attention problems, impulsivity and risk taking ad later violent behaviourHerrenkohl et al (2001) cited in OJJDPs stated that children with low academic performance, low commitment to schoo l, and low educational aspirations during elementary and middle school grades are at higher risk for child delinquency than are other childrenOtherl Risk FactorsOther risk factors found in the literature which might influence a young persons behaviour can be community and neighbourhood. Young people who live in a neighbourhood with a high level of poverty and crimes, is likely to increase the risk of young people being involved in a serious type of offence.( McCord, Widom and Crowell 2001 cited in OJJDPs). prevention strategies which can help to lessen the risk factorsRichards (2011) believes that taking away the youth form their areas and putting them behind the bars, does not deal with the underlying problem. Therefore some measure should be put in place to help reduce young people pursuit in crime. For example the government and private agencies should creaser employment opportunities for youth of employable ages. Parents moldiness also be responsible for their own children (pro viding moral guidance and material needs). But also learning institutions for youth must put in place sport and extra-curriculum activities, as this will leave them less time, if no time at all to be preoccupied with other things like offencesConclusionFrom summarising the studies, I have identified 3 main risk factors that can have an impact on young peoples involvement in crime Social, individual and environmental risk factors. I have also identifies other risk factors which are not too important but it does have some relevance to young peoples behaviour. I have also identified some prevention strategies which might help to young people to stop getting involved in criminal activities. Overall, whether is down to individual, social or environmental factors, young peoples involvement in crimes sees to decrease since 1995. But we cannot say crimes declined due to the improvement of one factor (i.e. social factors) because as I discussed earlier, risk factors are connected with one an other.Even though risk factors give us an understanding to why young people might choose to commit crimes, risk factor orgasm has its limitations. One of them being the risk of being labelled, young people being generalised and it also fails to distinguish correlation form causation.Preventing the delinquents is a big problem with no easy and quick solutions. Risk factors only offers the possibility to establish which youth is more likely to commit deviant acts.If I was to do come on research on this topic, I would try to find more research based in the United Kingdom as most of the research I found was from America, however the short time prevented me from doing so.ReferenceBrown, S. (2005). Understanding youth and crime. 2nd ed. London Open University Press, p.100.Carrabine, E., Cox, P., Lee, M., Plummer, K. and South, N. (2009). Criminology. A Sociological intrdouction. 2nd ed. New York Routledge, p.83.Cooper, C. and Roe, S. (2012). An enter of youth crime in England and Wales Police recorded crime committed by young people in 2009/10. 1st ed. ebook London Crown. Available at https//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/ establishment/uploads/attachment_data/file/167982/horr64.pdf Accessed 2 Nov. 2014.Ojo, M.O.D. (2012) A Sociological Review of Issues on Juvenile Delinquency The Journal of International Social Research book 5 Issue 22 465-482Omboto, J., Ondiek, G., Odera, O. and Ayugi, M. (2013). Factors influencing youth crimes and juvenile delinquency. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, online 1(2), pp.18-20. Available at http//www.ijsk.org/uploads/3/1/1/7/3117743/sociology_2.pdf Accessed 3 Nov. 2014.Richards, K. (2011). What makes juvenile offenders different from adult offenders?. online www.aic.gov.au. Available at http//www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi409.pdf Accessed 3 Nov. 2014.West D.J. and Farmington D.P. (1973) Who becomes Delinquents Second report of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent. London HeinemannWright , B.R.E. Younts, C.W. (2009) Reconstructing the family between Race and Crime Positive and Negative Predictors of Crime among African American Youth Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 2009 46327The iPremier Co. Denial of Service AttackThe iPremier Co. Denial of Service AttackWk3AssgnCannadyEThe iPremier Co. Denial of Service Attack.On January 12, 2007, iPremier Web servers were brought to a halt after a denial-of-service (DoS) gust had occurred. (https// operate.hbsp.harvard.edu/services/proxy/content/55482727/55482733/bc0bf879de2a3b14574a611f54ec52c6).(ADOS attack) is where a multiple of compromised systems, which maybe infected with a Trojan virus, are used to target a single system causing a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. Victims of a DDoS attack consist of both the end targeted system and all systems maliciously used and controlled by the literary hack in the distributed attack. (http//www.ddosprotection.com/about/ddos-information/)How well did the iPremier Compan y perform during the 75-minute attack?In what ways were the companys operating procedures deficient in responding to this attack? In what ways were they adequate to(predicate)? What additional procedures might have been in place to reform turn the attack?In my opinion, Qdata and iPremier really dropped the ball on this by not persuasion steps ahead. They did not have a contingency plan or any plan of sort for this worst case scenario. iPremeir had placed too often faith into Qdatas ability to handle the situation or threat. The first thing I noticed the company did was panic, since there was no crisis strategy/ adventure plan. The attack couldnt have happened at the worse time since the attack happened during a high traffic period. If this attack was done by competitors than they got what they were looking for by hurting the reputation of the company. If I was Bob Turley, I may be worried if Im still going to have a position still, since I was not wide-awake for this infrastru cture break. Bob did not go over all known threats to the infrastructure risk matrix and develop procedures to immediately identify the type and risk. These threats would need to be continually assessed as new ones emerge and the identification would have helped determined the right procedures for defending against them. My first move I wouldve of made is clean-cut a line of communication with Qdata to discuss any risk measure we may have to take. I would not have let the attack go on for so long without pulling the plenty to our servers so the customer information cannot be stolen. I would also increase my security against attackers. Having system and users use stronger encryption passwords. Have better real-time monitoring, with a backup plan that has went through testing. Train my employees to better understand the type of attacks and train them on how to handle emergency situations. Even after that make another business continuity plan and test it end to end than repeat. Keep all the software up to date that will better protect from viruses and attacks. You may want to hire an outside audit team to keep a check and balance.The biggest problem is the boniface provider. If I was Bob, I may want to build a much better relationship with my provider, showing the importance of this never happening again. Since in sensation its my companys reputation which is on the line. If that dont work, I would go get a more reliable/reputable host provider. With a high class support and infrastructure, with better security measures. Besides of the updating I would do to the software, Firewalls would also need to up dated. This will protect my company from viruses and also protect from the whatever employee. again training my employees on what not to do is really important. Train them on emails and what type of emails are at risk. Tell them to always inform somebody on any obscene gestures they computer may be exhibiting. Especially any ha emails.In the aftermath of the attack, what actions would you recommend?My biggest concerns are Legal, Public Relations, Stock Prices, guest Information and Network Security as least important after the attack. The attack just proved to any competition that my firewalls can be hacked. In looking who could be the one responsible. I would be looking at my competition and what would they have to gain in my attack. Since in sense if I pulled the plug than it would take at least 24 hours to get back running. Even if I did not pull the plug and I rode the attack out than I would still have to shut down business because of then security breach. No matter which route taken, I would still be at woolly once my firewalls proved to be vulnerable.There a lot of equations to look at. This is the main reason I would have an outside Network Operations touch on (NOC). They will provide all the monitoring I may need for any issue that may arrive even the increase of bandwidthReferenceshttp//www.ddosprotection.com/about/ddos-inf ormation/https//services.hbsp.harvard.edu/services/proxy/content/55482727/55482733/bc0bf879de2a3b14574a611f54ec52c6