Transience And Eternity In The Elegy Theology Religion Essay

Transience And Eternity In The Elegy divinity fudge Religion EssayOld position poetry can be divided into two main types heroic poetry and Christian poetry. Christianity, as the most widely spread religion, is pre direct in most literary works, including more or less of the heroic poems, although heroic poetry is considered separate from Christian poetry. in that location are many analogies to Christian themes in the poetry of the Old English period, since religion played a major part in peoples gos at the time.The diddlyshit is an Old English poem which was recorded in the Exeter book, or Codex Exoniensis, a collection of Old English poetry, including The Wanderer and The regrets into Hell, which dates back to the tenth century. It is a poem which describes the l onely, full of misadventure and pitiful vitality of the oceanman. It can be logically divided into two parts. The jump is a typical elegy the speaker remembers his dismal support at sea, which he has chosen to the disturbing animateness on land. He knows he is alone, and he constantly has this internal conflict about choosing the sea to the land. The act part is more honorableistic, or didactic. The speaker talks about the transiency of wealth and fame on hide, and how nobody will manage to outwit final stage and God, no matter how empyrean a life they have led. ultimately all people will die, life will give the axe for everyone at a certain point, and no amount of money will attend to them avoid their fate.In the beginning of the poem the seaman makes a pains about his travels and experiences at sea. He begins grimly with a description of the difficult times and lonely life while hes sailing. This is a life which roughhewnalty people in the city know nonhing about. They are preventative on the land while the seaman risks his life at sea. The bear is cold and stormy, the terrible tossing of waves rock the ship, the seaman will soon freeze. He has to endure the fierce st orms, the snow and the hail. The beginning of the poem is non however when a description of a fierce weather. It is a description of the intimate state of fountainhead of the seaman the inner struggles and conflicts he has. He is non homesick, but he slangs he is alone in the sea. His troubles are stand for as being caused by the sea, but in reality the sea save represents what is already inside him, in his soul. The seafarer feels grim ruefulness at heart. He is unable to feel any pleasure from the milieu he does not enjoy it because of the darkness in his soul and heart. thither are moments in which he holds life at sea in contempt.Yet there is something which draws him back to the sea. He can choose the natural rubber life on land, at home, where there are his fellow men, maybe his family, and where food and warmth are ensured. However, he feels this constant urge to travel, to go back to the sea. The sea is mysterious it is wide and infinite it holds many secrets it offers a divergent lifestyle it draws one away from everything familiar and safe, and throws them into a new, different world the world of danger, uncertainty, constant change a world with no boundaries or limits. This is what the seafarer seeks, this is why he constantly returns to the dangerous travels he needs the challenge of the hard life at sea he needs the struggles either physical or emotional. His move in the sea is not only a journey on the physical level. It represents the journey which his soul give ins on the running to God. He has to go through and through hardship and struggles he has to fight with the difficulties which God sends him he has to welcome the challenges of the sea as challenges which God sends to test his soul. He is sailing in the sea which suggests that he is going forward. His soul is, symbolically, about to walk the path which leads to God, passing through severe trials. His kinsmen, who live on land, stay where they are, they havent move d from their place not only physically, but figuratively as well their souls have not taken the path to God, but they simply enjoy the transient greats in life while they have them. They live a stable, secure life with no dangers or trials. They strive for the goods and the glory which earthly life offers, and neer rally of their spirituality and honorableity. They dont realize that everything on Earth is fleeting and that life as they know it wealthy, glorious and bountiful will only inhabit until their death and not in the later onlife when their souls will meet God.This is a light transition to the second part of the poem which is a moral criticism of the people, especially the well-to-do, who rely on their wealth and glory only. They may lead a sinful life, they may oppress the weaker or the inadequate people, but their deeds are the only thing which will go by and by them in the afterlife, not gold or money, not friends and kinsmen. There is a similar judgment in the English morality play Everyman, in which wealth and fellow men abandon Everyman on his journey to death, and only good deeds stay with him until the end. There is the Christian influence, which is present in almost every piece of work in the medieval literature. harmonize to the Christian religion God is the only truly eternal and abiding thing in the Universe. The speaker strongly criticizes the sinful life of common men instead of living a good, honorable and humble life, they only rely on wealth and bounty, and they think these earthly goods will alleviate them or benefit them in some way in the afterlife. They never challenge their souls, and they never even pray to God. The speaker tries to imply that the rich need to change their lifestyle but he realizes that they will not, because they do not understand how their sins and idleness will only harm them later. They dont realize that wealth is transient and they will not be able to take it with them after death. God will not take in intelligence how powerful a man was on Earth or how such(prenominal) money did he possess, but will only consider his good and brave deeds and his sins. Life in heaven is eternal and Heaven is a sort of reward for leading a faithful, honorable life. The seafarer claims that earthly happiness will not endure. He mentions that age comes upon him eventually, which suggests that glorious life is only there for some time and then one gradually loses everything they possess, including their vitality, and outer things like their friends and kinsmen. The way one spends their life on Earth determines where they will spend their afterlife. The speaker urges people to think carefully what afterlife they would like to have and then decide what the right path to there is. He tries to explain to them that they will all be be after death, no matter how wealthy some were and how poor the other(a)s were on Earth. Moreover, they all are equal even now in Gods eyes. It does not make a difference to God whether one is rich or poor whether one is famous or not. What will differentiate them after death is how they led their life, what they did and what their deeds led to. This is the point at which some will be sent to Heaven and others will be sent to Hell. Afterlife will be eternal, that is why people have to think now how they want to spend it. The seaman has given up on all earthly goods and bounty because he has realized that they are not important, they will be lost in time and in the end nothing will remain, only memories of the glorious days and consequences from the deeds, good or bad.The Seafarer is not only a poem about life and death. It concerns transience in life and eternity as a concept mainly in the afterlife. It suggests that life on its own has no other meaning but to praise God and to prove that one is august enough to go to Heaven. Moreover, life is a test for the soul whether it has to be sent to Heaven or to Hell. Life after death is what rightfully matters, because it will be for eternity, in contrast to life on Earth which lasts only a few decades. The concept of eternity is important for the moral to reach the common people. If the common man does not fear God, or does not at least consider what will happen to him after his death, he will not try to live a better, master life, but he will only keep in mind his earthly matters, and this will lead him to impious, even ignoble deeds. Thus The Seafarer can be considered a moral poem which teaches man how to live and how to save his soul, so that he deserves afterlife in Heaven.

Government Policy and Ideologies of Welfare

G everywheren man spott indemnity and Ideologies of WelfareWith reference to deepens in authorities policy and ideologies of upbeat, debate the logical implication of the shift from victorian pauper to 21st century proceeds go forr and its restore on fond devise practice and values.By charting changes in government policy and well-being ideologies, this essay will discuss the significance of the stir up from the victorian Pauper towards the 21st century Service User and examine how this has influenced tender roleplay values and practice. But number one, brief consideration must(prenominal) be given to offering a definition of these terms. The Oxford incline Dictionary (2009 online) defines a pauper as roughlybody with no property or means of alimentation who is dependent upon charity from others and a beggar. Terminology has changed dramatically and the term value user emerged in the 1990s as the generic name for nation kind workers work with (Pierson Thomas , 2006 560). In contrast to pauper, the Collins Internet-Linked Dictionary of brotherly use by Pierson and Thomas (2006 560) offersits popularity has spread among practitioners, managers and genial work educators akin as it seems to convey the to a greater extent contemporary emphasis on those who throw the go having some mightys and influence over that service (Ibid.).All societies ask methods of assisting those in financial difficulties (Payne, 2005 13) and the 1601 English low Law was the first internal wellbeing provision that lasted in one form or other for 350 historic period (Spicker, 2008 78). However, in the 18th century, the brusk Law Report exhibit the current allowance system was demoralising and promoted idleness (Fraser, 2009 53). This, coupled with a proliferation of paupers and escalating relief costs, led to the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 which heralded the origination of workhouses, designed to deter everyone that the destitute from applying for book (Thane, 1996 31). It was hoped by replacing show updoor relief with the workhouse, the faults of the current system would be corrected (Fraser, 2009 55). Ultimately, it provided a harsh alternative to self-help that the pauper would tho accept when destitute and fearing the workhouse, they would hopefully bewilder employment (Ibid. 55-56). This was in keeping with the general kind philosophy of the cadence that supposed men were masters of their own fate and that the unmarried had at heart his grasp the power to find his own salvation (Ibid. 56). Those requiring service were unsaved for their position and expected to find solutions to their own self-imposed misery (Sullivan, 1996 xiv). Therefore, the Victorian Poor Law divided the needy into the deserving and ugly execrable with the deserving worthy of philanthropic assistance whilst the undeserving was punished for their awkward behaviour (Ibid.). In essence, the Amendment Act successfully forced able-bodied men to take responsibility for themselves (Thane, 1996 33).Throughout the 1880s charitable responses to suffering grew (Payne, 2005 36) and the philanthropic Organisation Society was schematic in 1869, aiming to persuade charities to organise resources so they were distributed to those best able to use them (Thane, 1996 21). The romaine lettuce was not an alternative to the Poor Law, but the flip side of the same coin (Payne, 2005 36) and its principles encouraged wad to become self-dependent and only helped those with potential to certification themselves (Thane, 1996 21). It provided charity for the deserving and hence, left(p) those without potential to become self-dependent to destitution or the Poor Law (Ibid. 21-34). Furtherto a greater extent, COS endeavoured to find lasting solutions to sights problems, without re paltry them from their environment and pioneered the practice of case-work whereby investigations were conducted into clients backgrounds who were then helped if deemed worthy (Ibid.). untold had to be said for this case-work approach, which provided a real attempt to investigate the genius of the peoples problems (Ibid.) and essentially, through and through the development of this method, created social work (Payne, 2005 38).Many people down the stairsmentioned COS principles in theory found it challenging to abandon those in desperate need in practice (Thane, 1996 23). Hence, dissatisfaction generated wise voluntary approaches, including the extermination Movement, which initiated modern community work (Ibid.). Residential settlement Toynbee dorm was established in 1884 where graduates would live and work among the poor a model reprised throughout the country by the end of the century (Ibid.). It aimed for them to utilise their moral exemplar and education to foster social development (Payne, 2005 37) and its warden Samuel Barnett countd class harmony and substantive improvement would only improve when the rich regarded the p oor as as worthy individuals (Thane, 1996 21).Moving to the twentieth century, following the Second World War, primordial welfare changes were introduced under the travail government in accordance with a blueprint proposed in the 1942 Beveridge Report (Bochel, 2008 192). Subsequently, the period from 1945 until the 1970s is consideredOne of political consensus on key issues, stemming from a combination of the frugal philosophy of Keynes, and the social policy of Beveridge, enshrining the ideas of the mixed economy and the welfare sound out (Ibid.).During this period it was expect societies had progressed, rendering the state responsible for providing universal welfare provision for citizens (Payne, 2005 50). Subsequently, the state established a range of social serve in the new era of welfare capitalism and this social security was regarded as the shaft that would eradicate poverty (Sullivan, 1996 xiii-3). The welfare state was created to put welfare on a new footing (Briggs , 1961 cited in Spicker, 2008 121) where everyone, not just the poor, had the right to access services (Spicker, 2008 121). This contrasted starkly to when support was confined to the destitute and by design made unpleasant under the Poor Law (Checkland Checkland, 1974 cited in Spicker, 2008 121) and this load to universalism provided an obvious change from the past (Sullivan, 1996 54). Moreover, social work was becoming sure as part of universal welfare provision alongside health, hold and social security (Payne, 2005 50) and in the 25 years following the war, a gradual professionalizing shift occurred (Lymberry, 2001 371). Subsequently, following the 1968 Seebohm Report and the 1970 Local Authority companionable Services Act, the three experienceing personal social services were regroup into unified local trust departments (Sullivan, 1996 195-196). It was hoped this would provide a more co-ordinated and universal approach to the problems of individuals, families and comm unities (Seebohm Report, 1968 quoted in Lymberry, 2001 371). Fundamentally, this was a period of proliferation and consolidation for social work with the hope it would contribute towards creating a more equal society (Lymberry, 2001 371).This front end to the welfare state from the Poor Law is referred to as the progression to institutional welfare from residual provision (Wilensky Lebeaux, 1965 cited in Spicker, 2008 92). Residual welfare catered for a limited number of people, was provided under sufferance and regarded as a domain burden (Spicker, 2008 92). Furthermore, the Poor Law was punitive in nature, limited liabilities through deterrence and deprived paupers of their rights (Ibid.). Contrastingly, institutional welfare covered the general populations needs, heedless of their financial circumstances, and offered protection to everyone (Ibid.). It was built on accepting mutual responsibility, considered addiction to be normal, and was establish on the premise of a right to welfare and citizenship, (Ibid.). Theoretically, this universalism provided the only delegacy to guarantee high quality of services were purchasable for all and re move the stigma associated with state services (Sullivan, 1996 54).During the two decades by and by the war, governments believed in Keynesian demand management techniques and Beveridges social ideas (Ibid. 90). However, from the late sixties these economic policies failed and the UK faced a fiscal crisis of the state (Ibid.). Subsequently, when the conservativists were elected in 1979, the ideology of the new-sprung(prenominal) proficient dominated and heralded a change from the post-war welfare consensus (Lymberry, 2001 372). This period was characterised by Neo-liberal thinking, which fundamentally questioned the state-delivered institutions forming the welfare state, and these pictures generate impact policy-making and the welfare system during recent decades (Ellison, 2008 61-67). For example, Thatchers government was dedicated to roll back the state and denying mutual commitments among citizens because allegedly society did not exist but comprised of competing individuals alternatively (Lowe, 1999 307). They aspired for those dependent on the state to become freelance becauseIf those in need were encouraged to look passively to the state for help, they would be denied the invigorating experience of self-help and of family or community care (Ibid.).Therefore, the New Right were committed to re-moralising society, just as Poor Law reformers of the 1830s had before them, with a return to Victorian values (Ibid.). This generated a reduction in benefits and conditions stipulated for accessing these were tough (Clarke et al., 2000 3). Furthermore, an increasing stigma was attached to everydayly provided welfare and it was, in some respects, criminalised by linking US notions of welfare dependency and demoralisation to UK ideas of scrounging and undeserving (Ibid.). Fundamentally, we lfare had come full circle whenIndividualism as the motor of economic and social policy in the nineteenth and early twentieth centurys gave way to the collectivism of that classic welfare state only to re-emerge in the late twentieth century (Sullivan, 1996 xv).New Right emphasis on the sanctity of marriage and family, the demonization of those who threatened these and their promotion of a social order based on Victorian values impacted on social work (Lymberry, 2001 372). It was forced to abandon its pretensions to providing a universalist service and focus on statutory duties, omitting the preventative remit laid out in the Seebohm Report (Ibid.). Furthermore, it underlined individuals looking subsequently themselves and their families (Bochel, 2008 194). Subsequently, social work changed after the Barclay Report of the 1980s, which introduced community social work strategies and encouraged local authority social services departments to develop alternative ways of face-off socia l need (Sullivan, 1996 196). This approach envisaged moving from the traditional one-to-one focus towards facilitating self-help by communities, social networks, and individuals (Ibid.). Moreover, it heralded the movement of social workers from therapists to enablers, supporting informal carers instead of providing the care themselves (Ibid.).When looking at New Labour and their Third mode approach, a decisive shift has occurred in the role of the recipients of social work services. For example, Blair (2000 cited in Jordan, 2001 529) intended to change the welfare state from delivering passive support towards fighting(a) support, promoting citizens independence instead. Taking the middle ground between free-market principles of the Conservative years and old style socialism it meant services would demand more from citizens, requiring people to contribute to a responsible community (Jordan, 2001 529-530). This tougher approach to welfare is evident in expecting many single parents, the disabled, and those receiving employment benefits to actively prove employment (Ellison, 2008 67). Additionally, benefits are now less generous and more strictly means-tested than in the height of Keynesian welfare (Ibid.).Furthermore, the development of anti-oppressive practice signals a change in the attitudes towards the role of users of social work services. Anti-oppressive practice has emerged over the last decade, forms part of the critical social work tradition, and is concerned with transforming power relations at every level in practice (Healy, 2005 172-178). Theorists believe the social work role is political with social workers holding a privileged status in comparison to service users (Ibid). Therefore, social workers must be critical and reflective in order to not replicate oppressive social relations in practice (Ibid.). Furthermore, it promotes working in partnership with service users with power genuinely shared at both an interpersonal and institutional level (Dalrymple and Burke, 1995 65 cited in Healy, 2005 187). Thus, service users opportunities for interest in decision-making should be maximised (Healy, 2005 187). amicable work has been affected by the unabated advancement of consumer capitalism and service users are expected to be more involved in arranging and managing services (Harris, 2009 67). The New Right ideas forceful that citizens had a right to freedom and choice (Ibid. 68) and recent Conservative and Labour administrations realise encouraged citizens to participate in welfare services utilising market- akin approaches to credit and increased empowerment in decision-making (Bochel, 2008 194). Efforts have been made to promote service user fraternity in planning and development with the view that their active role improves health and social care services (Carr, 2004 2). Furthermore, the importance of individual choice in improving provider effectiveness, the notion of citizens rights and responsibilities and a belief that individuals involvement in decision-making results in solutions that better meet their needs have been underlined (Bochel, 2008 194-195). This is evident in the Direct Payments scheme, endorsed on the basis of choice and independence, and demonstrates that the state increasingly expects citizens to be competent enterprising, managerial and autonomous individuals (Scourfield, 2007 108). However, as Scourfield (Ibid.) asserts this raises concerns closely dependent citizens and emphasisesa danger of using independence and choice as central organizing principles is to forget how and why the public sector emerged in the first placeto ensure that those who are necessarily dependent are tough with respect and dignity, to ensure a collectivized approach to risk, and to ensure that fix and reliable forms of support outside of the market or the family are procurable.Additionally, as Carr (2004 2) found, the extent to which service user participation leads to improvements in services varies and there is little monitoring and evaluation of the difference user participation is making. Furthermore, despite citizenship, choice, community, social inclusion and autonomy being key to New Labours programme, (Blair, 1998 cited in Humphries, 2004 95) Humphries (2004 95) contends Labours pursuing of neo-liberal economic and morally repressive policies has degraded public services punishing and excluding those regarded as having been given a chance but having failed. She proposes it is social workers who are expected to implement the surveillance systems that operate these policies and under New Labour a shift has occurred towards social work having an increasingly negative and narrow practice focussed on restriction, surveillance, control and elision (Ibid. 93-95). Thus, social work is concerned with the moralistic side of Labours policies rather than with empowering people instead (Jordan, 2001 cited in Humphries, 2004 94). Moreover, since 1993, increasingly punitive and repressive measures have been introduced to deter asylum seekers from coming to Britain and if they are granted access they enter an brutish and inferior welfare system (Humphries, 2004 100). Acts much(prenominal) as the 1993 Asylum and in-migration Appeals Act and the 1996 Asylum and Immigration Act removed those subject to immigration controls from the welfare state (Ibid. 101) and Cohen (2003 cited in Humphries, 2004 101) describes the asylum support system as the creation of a modern day poor law based on coercion and lack of choice.This essay has documented the move from the use of the Victorian term pauper to the 21st century term service user by looking at shifts in government policy and welfare ideologies and its impact on social work. Looking back, one would hope we have progressed from the Victorian Poor Law that blamed the pauper for their need of assistance and deterred them from accessing support by rendering it as unpleasant as possible. However, when observing the cockeyed means-tested benefit system and New Labours tough approach welfare, ascertaining whether we have moved forward becomes questionable. Zarb (2006 2), referring to how older couples can be separated due to lodging and care allocation, questions whether citizens are still treated like the paupers in the Poor Law era who were regularly split up for not meeting the parishes criteria for support. Furthermore, to finish, Wynne-Jones (2007 online), writing on the Joseph Rowntree Foundation website, highlights that today the media still assigns different types of morality to types of povertyThe undeserving poor are the Asbo kids and the hoodies, the drug-addicted and long-term unemployed. On the other hand, the deserving poor look a lot like middle Englanders fallen on hard times.Having spent time with a group of troubled young people on a Peckham estate, following the death of Damilola Taylor in 2000, she believes that it is through the stereotyped comedy characters such as Litt le Britains Vicky Pollard that Middle England reveals how threatened it feels about the undeserving poor utilising comedy as a means of criticising our societies underclass (Ibid.). She maintains that as Middle England laughs from the unease that people like this exist on our poorest estates, years on from Damilolas death, we are still failing those, like the group in Peckham, who are damaged so badly by life that their only empowerment is to attack others (Ibid.). Therefore, to conclude, whilst a change in terminology has occurred moving from pauper to service user, it is problematic determining how far attitudes towards those in need of assistance have genuinely changed for the better.Reference ListBochel, C. (2008) accede Welfare in Alcock, P. et al., (2008) The Students Companion to amicable Policy, 3rd Ed, Oxford Blackwell.Carr, S. (2004) SCIE Position paper 3 digest Has service user participation made a difference to social care services? acquirable at http//www.scie.org.u k/publications/positionpapers/pp03-summary.pdf accessed on 17th declination 2009.Clarke, J. et al. (2000) Reinventing the Welfare State in Clarke, J. et al. (2000) New Managerialism New Welfare? capital of the United Kingdom Sage.Ellison, N. (2008) Neo-Liberalism in Alcock, P. et al., (2008) The Students Companion to Social Policy,3rd Ed, Oxford Blackwell.Fraser, D. (2009) The Evolution of the British Welfare State, quaternary Ed, Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Harris, J. (2009) Customer-citizenship in modernised social work in Modernising Social croak Critical Considerations, Bristol PolicyHealy, K (2005) Social Work Theories in background Creating Frameworks for Practice, Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Humphries, B. (2004) An Unacceptable Role for Social Work Implementing Immigration Policy British Journal of Social Work 34 93-107 available at http//bjsw.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/ essence/abstract/34/1/93 accessed on 17th celestial latitude 2009.Jordan, B. (2001) Tough Love Social Work, Social Exclusion and the Third route, British Journal of Social Work 31 527- 546.Lowe, R. (1999) The Welfare State in Britain Since 1945, 2nd Ed, Houndmills, Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanLymberry, M. (2001) Social Work at the Crossroads, British Journal of Social Work 31 369-384 available at http//bjsw.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/ confine/abstract/31/3/369 accessed on 22nd December 2009.Oxford English Dictionary (2009) available at www.oed.com accessed on 23rd November 2009.Payne, M. (2005) The Origins of Social Work Continuity and Change, Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Pierson, J. Thomas, M. (2006) Collins Internet-Linked Dictionary of Social Work, Glasgow Harper Collins.Scourfield, P. (2007) Social oversee and the Modern Citizen Client, Consumer, Service User, Manager and Entrepreneur British Journal of Social Work 37 107-122 available at http//bjsw.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/cgi/reprint/37/1/107?maxtoshow=HITS=10hits=10RESULTFORMAT=1title=Social+Care+and+the+M odern+Citizen%3A+Client%2C+Consumerandorexacttitle=andandorexacttitleabs=andandorexactfulltext=andsearchid=1FIRSTINDEX=0sortspec=relevanceresourcetype=HWCIT accessed on 24th November 2009.Spicker, P. (2008) Social Policy Themes and Approaches,2nd Ed, Bristol Policy.Sullivan, M. (1996) The Development of the British Welfare State, London Prentice HallThane, P. (1996) Foundations of the Welfare State, 2nd Ed, London New York Longman.Wynne-Jones, R. (2007) Deserving vs Undeserving available at http//www.jrf.org.uk/reporting-poverty/journalists-experiences/deserving-undeserving accessed on 16th December 2009.Zarb, G. (2006) From Paupers to Citizens Independent Living and humankind Rights available at http//www.scie.org.uk/news/events/humanrights06/gerryzarb.pdf accessed on 17th December 2009.

Maternal and Child Health Journal

Maternal and Child Health JournalCoulibaly, Ramata, MD, MSc Seguin, Louise Zunzunegui, Maria-Victoria Gauvin, Lise (2006) cogitate Between Maternal Breast-Feeding Duration and Quebec Infants Health A Population-Based Study. Are the ca social occasion Different for Poor Children? Maternal and Child Health Journal. 10537-543. Coulibaly, et al. test bosom supply patterns for mothers based on family income and then examine the entropy for effects on childrens wellness. The results argon in-line with other studies which show that women from higher(prenominal) income groups are more than seeming to heart feed their babies and to titty feed them for long durations. Further, the study found that breast aliment regardless of income group, reduced the rate of chronic health problems in the infant children and the number of hospital visits. The benefits of breast feeding are well documented with regards to infants health, growth, immunity, and development. According to data assemb led by Healthy heap 2010, breastfeeding decreases the number of facial expressions and severity of diarrhea, respiratory infections, and ear infections. Further, breast feeding saves mothers and families the additional costs of infant formula and thus is more economical than nursing bottle feeding. Despite these advant historic periods Coulibaly et al. and other authors frequently show that execrable income households and demographics that traditionally are indicators of dishonor incomes (African Americans and commence educated women) prepare turn away rates of breast feeding than higher income families and demographic groups traditionally associated with higher incomes (white non-hispanics and college educated women). Healthy People 2010 aims to gain rates of breast feeding to 75% in the early postpartum head, 50% for the first 6 months, and 25 percent for the first year. To meet these goals, more belittleder income women allow need to breast feed their infant children. The facts uncovered by the term and also those cited by Healthy People 2010 with regard to breast feeding rates and income status are counter intuitive. On the surface it would come along that poor women and families would non be able to afford the convenience of bottle feeding and would therefore have higher rates of breastfeeding than their higher income counterparts. However, this is not the case and therefore breastfeeding rates must not be this instant related to income. Instead other variables must be restricting lower income women from breastfeeding. It is commonly believed that the benefits of breastfeeding may not be widely understood and that educational efforts would increase breastfeeding rates. This has ilkly been true and advertisements on city busses and involvement of community health defecateers and social rickers are likely largely responsible for the increase in breast feeding rates that have been documented by estimable people 2010. However to meet the goals of Healthy People 2010, I believe that more action is required to address issues that are likely holding back many mothers from breast feeding their infant children. It is my printing that one of the main impediments for mothers thinking more or less breastfeeding is their job. The data by healthy people 2010 that shows over 60% of women currently breastfeed their children during the postpartum period when they are most likely to be on maternity throw as well as the precipitous drop in breast feeding rates to 29% at 6 months and 16% at 1 year after mothers have gone back to work support this hypothesis. I also believe that lower income earning women are more hampered by their jobs then women from higher incomes. I believe this to be the case since many lower income work in service related industries as cashiers or other industries where there are limited private spaces for them to use a breast pump or refrigerate their pumped milk. Further, lower income women are more l ikely to be considered expendable employees due to their privation of work place skills. In comparison, many women work in government agency settings have access to quiet rooms with refrigerators and are working on important projects to their employers and cannot be easily replaced. Thus, to meet the goals of Healthy People 2010, health professionals need to work with governmental leaders to help them understand the richness of this issue in reducing our nations health care costs. All places of problem should be pierced to establish a quiet room where a women can use a breast pump in privacy and then store her milk until her shift is complete. Further, mothers that return to the work force must be guaranteed work brakes at appropriate intervals to the age of their infant children to maximize the milk pumped. Many employers of low income women will likely never establish a environment that is friendly to the breastfeeding mother without both(prenominal) governmental penalties for failure to comply and incentives to encourage compliance. This article prompted me to think about the data on breastfeeding versus economic level and reflect on my hold observations. As a immigrant to this country, I have many friends that at generation tried to balance raising a small infants while working a low paying jobs. I have observed their work facilities in parking garages, retail stores, etc. and now understand that they did not have proper facilities for them to operate a breast pump in privacy and store the product milk. Also, because I also have worked whatsoever of these same jobs, I know that often I was grateful to have the job and often felt intimidated to ask my manager, many time as that was what the manager wanted me to feel, for anything special. Thus, I understand how difficult it is for women fight in these jobs and trying to support their baby to ask for things not on hand(predicate) at their work place.Because of these experiences, I believe that t hat many of the restrictions to breastfeeding by low income mothers will not go away without government regulations and protections. Healthy People 2010 is right to set the goals to increase breastfeeding, but to achieve it health professionals like ourselves now need to educate our government leaders.

Scheduler Choice in Cluster Environment

Scheduler Choice in Cluster EnvironmentClusters cod be seminal fluid more popular and ubiquitous and the material body of central central processing units in glob have also increased considerably. They consist of line of battle of a same machines or a host of diverse computational devices which collaborate via a high speed ne cardinalrk to execute high- murder applications. Computer intentness has widely accepted that future performance increases must largely come from increasing the number of processing cores on a die. This has led to NoC central processors. cost-effective computer programing of high performance applications on these parallel computing systems is tiny to enhance their performance and to improve system throughput. It has been proved that the problem of muniment toils with precedence constraints is NP-Complete Papad, 1994.The data flow model is gaining popularity as a program paradigm for parallel computers. Many high-performance applications be a co llection of modules which have control/data dependences among them. When the characteristics of an application is fully deterministic, including tasks execution time, coat of data communicated between tasks, and task dependencies, the application merchantman be stand for by a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). With an increase in the number of processing units, expressing parallelism of an application has become a study challenge. Many studies have proved that designing parallel applications using some(prenominal) task and data parallelism is an effective approach than pure data or pure task parallel models. This mixed parallelism achieves both high scalability and performance. Mixed parallel applications are represented as twin Task Graph (PTG), a graph of data parallel tasks. arrangement the importance of task scheduling on a parallel system, an move is made to address issues in scheduling multiple applications with the objectives of enhancing the performance of unmarried appl ications and also increasing the throughput the parallel computing system.In this thesis, we introduce two new algorithms Level Based Scheduler (LBS) and Improved Level Based Scheduler (ILBS) to enumeration parallel applications represented as parallel task graph onto a thud of multi-core processors with the objective of reducing their completion time. Both algorithms can be used both as static or hybrid planrs. We entreat that hybrid scheduler is a adept scheduler choice in a clunk environment to optimize the utilization of its resources.We state that a better focusing to deal with multiple applications on a cluster is through surrogate space- overlap approach with a promise to benefit both the drug user and the cluster administrator. In a space-sharing approach, severally(prenominal) application is given a practise of processors and it is executed on these processors only. A parallel application can be run on a varied number of processors i.e. a fictile job. Hence we argue that it is good to change processor apportionment for implementation applications depending on the workload on cluster. To perform initial processor allotment and subsequent adaptations if required, systems to find the optimal and maximal number of processors that an application can habituate are substantial. Also a novel method to contend available processors among multiple competing task graphs is proposed. A model is developed to choose together the proposed hybrid schedulers, methods to find processor requirement of each application, the intention to share processors among multiple applications and a new polity to mold processor allotment for each submitted application.Approaches to improve scheduling on a NoC processor is attempted. An approach to make any list scheduling method more time efficient to schedule a task graph on NoC is proposed and experimented. To schedule multiple applications on NoC, the number of cores and which cores to be assigned for each a pplication must be decided. Our belief is that this job of deciding number of cores can be better performed by the joint collaboration of the user and system instead of any one doing it alone. Hence we have developed methods to find the optimal and maximal block of cores that an application can utilize which is later used to decide the actual core allotment for each application. Policies to decide how many and which cores to be assigned for each application are suggested.All the experiments in this thesis are carried out using a discrete event simulator. Benchmark task graphs are taken from contrary sources, from where other researchers have taken to compare their scheduler performance. The metrics makespan and efficiency of the schedule are used.The developed LBS is compared with MCPA the most widely accepted good scheduler and EMTS the new-fangled PTG scheduler are chosen for performance par. The benchmark suite includes steady task graph, random task graph and few real applic ations task graph. For regular task graphs LBS shows in avail in makespan by 2-9% in comparison to MCPA. But for irregular PTGs, LBS shows 4-12% performance value over MCPA, which is significantly higher than for regular PTGs. Since EMTS uses evolutionary methods, it generates better schedule but at the set down of more computing time. The proposed LBS performance is inferior to EMTS by about 2-7% and 2-4% for regular and random PTGs respectively. Another metric used is the efficiency which is a prize of effective utilization of resources. The efficiency of LBS is more than MCPA, but the improvement is less(prenominal) than that for makespan. This is attributed to the fact task allocation in MCPA leads to better utilization of processors than in LBS. Efficiency of LBS is more than MCPA by 1-3% and less than EMTS by 1-2%.Another scheduler ILBS is compared with LBS and TwoLrauber 1998, a good method to schedule set of independent tasks. ILBS exhibits performance improvement of 2-7% over LBS and 2-10% over TwoL for regular PTGs. For random PTGs improvement is 6-12% over LBS and 4-8% over TwoL. The increased performance of ILBS for regular PTGs is attributed to the method of finding of the best realistic schedule at each level.The performance of the proposed novel method of sharing processors among multiple task graphs is compared with the most recent methods suggested by Tapke et al. The new method exhibited a performance improvement of 6-9% for all categories of task graph and is supreme when the demand for the processors is relatively more than available processors.A complete framework is developed to tailor together the pieces of work carried out. The new policies suggested to decide processor allotment for each task graph show 4-7% performance improvement in average completion time of a task graph. The proposed policy also exhibits better performance for the time required to complete a set of task graphs by 4-7%. Thus the new policy is good from both user and system perspectives.The approach to make list scheduling method more time efficient to generate a schedule for a NoC processor is implemented in DLS method and it recorded around 20-45% improvement in execution time. The time is recorded by execute the application on the cycle accurate multi2sim simulator. The new policy proposed to decide the cores allotment for each application performs better than the best methods found in the literature by 4-20%.The issues in scheduling multiple applications on a cluster of multi-core processors and a NoC processor is addressed in this thesis. The observed performance improvement indicate the usefulness of proposed methods.